India, as a major regional power in South Asia, has a set of concerns that shape its foreign policy and strategic decisions in the region. These concerns are diverse, ranging from security and geopolitical issues to economic and socio-cultural considerations. Understanding India’s major concerns in South Asia requires an examination of its relationships with neighbouring countries and its broader regional aspirations.
Security Challenges
India faces various security challenges in South Asia, including cross-border terrorism, insurgency movements, and transnational crime. The threat of terrorism emanating from groups operating in neighbouring countries like Pakistan and Bangladesh poses a significant concern for India’s national security. Incidents such as the 2008 Mumbai attacks and the ongoing insurgency in Indian-administered Kashmir underscore the urgency of addressing these security threats.
Border Disputes
India shares long-standing border disputes with several South Asian countries, most notably Pakistan, China, and Nepal. The Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan and the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China are areas of contention that periodically lead to border skirmishes and tensions. Resolving these disputes remains a priority for India to ensure stability along its borders and foster peaceful relations with its neighbours.
Regional Stability
India seeks to promote stability and peace in South Asia as instability in neighbouring countries can have spillover effects on its own security and development. Conflicts and political instability in countries like Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka have the potential to impact India’s strategic interests and regional stability. Therefore, India engages in diplomatic efforts and provides assistance to foster political stability and economic development in the region.
China’s Growing Influence
India is wary of China’s expanding influence in South Asia, particularly through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its strategic investments in countries like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh. India views China’s increasing presence in the region as a challenge to its own influence and interests, necessitating a proactive approach to counterbalance China’s growing clout.
Economic Integration
India aims to promote economic integration and connectivity within South Asia through initiatives such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). However, India’s efforts to enhance regional economic cooperation are hindered by issues such as trade imbalances, non-tariff barriers, and political tensions with neighbouring countries.
Water Security
India’s water security is intricately linked to its relations with neighbouring countries that share transboundary rivers. Disputes over water sharing agreements, hydropower projects, and dam construction have led to tensions with countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Ensuring equitable and sustainable management of shared water resources is essential for India’s agricultural productivity, energy security, and socio-economic development.
Socio-Cultural Affinities
India shares strong socio-cultural affinities with countries in South Asia, rooted in historical, linguistic, and religious ties. Promoting people-to-people contacts, cultural exchanges, and educational cooperation is a key aspect of India’s foreign policy in the region. However, cultural differences and historical animosities also pose challenges to building cohesive regional partnerships.
In conclusion, India’s major concerns in South Asia revolve around security challenges, border disputes, regional stability, China’s growing influence, economic integration, water security, and socio-cultural affinities. Addressing these concerns requires a multi-faceted approach that combines diplomacy, strategic engagement, economic cooperation, and confidence-building measures to foster peace, stability, and prosperity in the region.
