India’s foreign policy is deeply influenced by its geography, history, and tradition, which have shaped its strategic imperatives, security concerns, and diplomatic priorities over the centuries. Understanding these determinants provides valuable insights into India’s approach to international relations and its role in the global arena.
Geography
India’s geographical location has profound implications for its foreign policy. Bounded by the Indian Ocean to the south, the Arabian Sea to the west, and the Bay of Bengal to the east, India occupies a strategic position at the crossroads of major maritime routes. Its proximity to key sea lanes of communication and chokepoints such as the Strait of Malacca underscores the importance of maritime security in India’s strategic calculus.
Furthermore, India’s land borders with neighbouring countries such as Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar shape its security environment and regional dynamics. India’s geographic proximity to conflict-prone regions such as West Asia and Central Asia also influences its foreign policy priorities, including energy security, counterterrorism efforts, and regional stability.
History
India’s rich historical legacy, including its experience of colonialism, independence struggle, and post-independence nation-building efforts, profoundly influences its foreign policy outlook. The legacy of colonial rule under British imperialism has instilled in India a commitment to sovereignty, self-determination, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other nations.
India’s experience of partition and the traumatic aftermath of communal violence during the Partition of British India in 1947 have shaped its approach to regional stability, minority rights, and conflict resolution. Additionally, India’s historical connections with neighbouring countries such as Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and Afghanistan have fostered cultural linkages and historical ties that influence its foreign policy engagements in the region.
Tradition
India’s rich cultural heritage, philosophical traditions, and ethical values play a significant role in shaping its foreign policy outlook. Concepts such as dharma (duty/righteousness), ahimsa (non-violence), and vasudhaiva kutumbakam (the world is one family) underscore India’s commitment to moral and ethical principles in international relations.
India’s tradition of pluralism, religious tolerance, and respect for diversity inform its advocacy for global peace, harmony, and inclusive development. Moreover, India’s tradition of diplomacy, as exemplified by the ancient concept of “sambhava” (diplomatic negotiations) and the pragmatic approach of “Mandala Theory” (circles of influence) in ancient Indian statecraft, continues to shape its diplomatic engagements with other nations.
Furthermore, India’s tradition of strategic thought, as reflected in ancient texts such as the Arthashastra and the Manusmriti, offers insights into principles of statecraft, military strategy, and governance that resonate with contemporary foreign policy imperatives.
In conclusion, India’s foreign policy is shaped by a complex interplay of geographical imperatives, historical legacies, and cultural traditions. While its geography influences its security concerns and strategic imperatives, its history informs its approach to sovereignty, regional stability, and conflict resolution. Additionally, India’s rich tradition of ethical values, cultural diplomacy, and strategic thought contributes to its diplomatic engagements and global leadership aspirations in the 21st century.
